Ottoman Intellectual Life in the Reform Period, 1839-1914

Introduction: Course Objectives & Introduction to “- ism” Required Reading: M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 42-109.

Overview of Ottoman History and Political Writing Required Reading: Virginia H. Aksan, “Ottoman Political Writing, 1768-1808” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Feb. 1993, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 53-69. Further Reading: M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, A Brief History of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 109-213.

Étatisme and Elitism Required Reading: Carter V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789-1922 (Princeton, 1980), pp. 151-220. Primary Source Reading: Fuat Andıc and Suphan Andıc, The Last of the Ottoman Grandees: The Life and the Political Testament of Âli Paşa (Istanbul: the Isis Press, 1996), pp. 33-61; Firman and Hatti-Sherif by the Sultan, relative to Privileges and Reforms in Turkey [Islahat Fermanı1856]. Further Reading: Butrus Abu Manneh, “Islamic Roots of the Gulhane Rescript,” Die Welt Des Islams 34 1994. pp. 173-203. Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909 (London: Tauris, 1999), 1-43; Roderic H. Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-76 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), pp. 52-80.

Constitutionalism and Political Activism, 1876-1908 Required Reading: Şerif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of Turkish Political Ideas (Princeton, 1962), pp. 81-106 and 396-408. Primary Source Reading: Hovsep Varnatian - The constitutional truths [1864] Süleyman Paşa, Hiss-i İnkılâb [1910] Further Reading: Robert Devereux, The First Ottoman Constitutional Period: A Study of the Midhat Constitution and Parliament (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1963), pp. 21-97; M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, The Young Turks in Opposition (New York, 1995), pp. 200-216; idem, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908 (New York, 2001), pp. 289-311. Virgina Aksan, “Ottoman Political Writing 1768, 1808,” IJMES Vol. 25. 1993, pp. 53-69.

Ottoman Materialism, 1860-1922 Required Reading: M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, “Blueprints for a Future Society: Late Ottoman Materialists on Science, Religion, and Art,” in Elizabeth Özdalga, Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy (London, Routledge, 2005), pp. 29-116. Primary Source Reading: Auguste Comte, Order and Progress [from the Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, excerpts 1853]; Ludwig Büchner, Force and Matter [excerpts 1870], pp.106-134; 184-194; 251-26; Gustave Le Bon, the Crowd: The Study of the Popular Mind [excerpts 1896]. [] Qanun-u Esasi (The Ottoman Constitution) (23 December 1876)

Superlative Islamism in the Islamicate World Required Reading: Ahmad Dallal, “The Origins and Early Development of Islamic Reform,” in The New Cambridge History of Islam (2010), vol. 6, 107-47. Primary Source Reading: `Abduh, Theology of Unity [excerpts 1898]. Further Reading: Afghani, “The truth about the Neicheri sect” and “The materialists in India,” in N. Keddie, Islamic Response to Imperialism (1968), 130-80; Aziz Ahmad, “Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muslim India,” Studia Islamica 13 (1960): 55-78; Malcolm Kerr, Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad `Abduh and Rashid Rida (1966), 1-18, 103-52.

Reforming minds: Intellectuals, bureaucrats and the ulema: Islamism in the Ottoman World Required Reading: İsmail Kara, “Turban and Fez: Ulema as Opposition,” in Elizabeth Özdalga, Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy (London, Routledge, 2005), pp. 162-200. Primary Source Reading: Namık Kemal, Osmanlı Tarihi [excerpts 1910] Further Reading: Brian Silverstein, Islam and Modernity in Turkey (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 1-65; Amit Bein, Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011), pp. 35-104. Ussama Maqdisi, “After 1860: Debating Religion, Reform, and Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire,” IJMES 34 (2002), 601-617.

Ottoman Westernism Required Reading: Şerif Mardin, “Super Westernization in Urban Life in the Ottoman Empire in the Last Quarter of the Nineteenth Century,” Turkey: Geographic and Social Perspectives, ed. Peter Benedict, et. al (Leiden: Brill, 1974), pp. 403-42. Primary Source Reading: Prens Sabahaddin - Teşebbüs-i şahsi ve adem-i merkeziyyet hakkında ikinci bir izah [1908] Further Reading: M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, “Garbcılar: Their Attitudes toward Religion and Their Impact on the Official Ideology of the Turkish Republic,” Studia Islamica, 86 (1997), pp. 133-58; Ş. Tufan Buzpınar, “Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion,” Middle Eastern Studies, 43/2 (2007), pp. 247-258.

Radicalism Required Reading: W. Haddad, “Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire”, Nationalism in a Non-national State (eds. W. Haddad and W. Ochsenwald), 1977 Primary Source Reading: Alexandros Ypsilantis - Fight for Faith and the Motherland [1822]; Georgios Boussios - The political program of Hellenism in Turkey [1912]; Tevfik Fikret, Haluk’un Amentüsü [1911] Further Reading: M A. Ter Minassian, Nationalism and Socialism in the Armenian Revolutionary Movements 1887- 1912 (Cambridge Mass, 1984), pp. 1-69; Hasan Kayalı, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918 ch.6, ‘The War Years’; The Origins of Arab Nationalism, ed. Rashid Khalidi et al. (New York, 1991), 50-69; Bedross Der Matossian, Shattered Dreams of Revolution (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2015), pp. 123- 178; Ilham Khuri-Makdisi, The Eastern Mediterranean and the Making of Global Radicalism, 1860-1914 (University of California Press, 2010); Ussama Makdisi, The culture of sectarianism: community, history, and violence in nineteenth-century Ottoman Lebanon (University of California Press, 2000)

Feminism Required Reading: Serpil Çakır, “Feminism and Feminist History-Writing in Turkey” Aspasia (2007) 61-83. Primary Source Reading: Fruma Zachs and Sharon Halevi, “From Difa‘Al-Nisa’ to Mas’alat Al-Nisa’ in Greater Syria: Readers and Writers Debate Women and Their Rights, 1858-1900,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 04 (2009): 615-33; Ahmed Rıza - Vazife ve Mesuliyet, Kadın Further Reading: Judith E. Tucker, In the house of the law : gender and Islamic law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine (University of California Press, 1998), 37-77. Dror Zeʾevi, Producing Desire: Changing Sexual Discourse in the Ottoman Middle East, 1500-1900; (University of California Press, 2006); Ellen Fleischmann, “The other “awakening”. The emergence of women’s movements in the modern Middle East, 1900-1940”, in Margaret L. Meriwether and Judith E. Tucker, eds., Social history of women and gender in the modern Middle East (Boulder: Westview, 1999), 89-139; Ebru Aykut, “Toxic Murder, Female Poisoners, and the Question of Agency at the Late Ottoman. Law Courts, 1840-1908” Journal of Women's History, Volume 28, Number 3, Fall 2016 pp. 114-137.

Turkism Required Reading: David Kushner, The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876-1908 (London,1977), 81-103. Primary Source Reading: Ziya Gökalp, The Principles of Turkism, tr. Robert Devereux (Leiden: Brill, 1968), pp. 1-21; idem, Türkçülük nedir; Yusuf Akçura - Üç tarz- ı siyaset [1904] Further Reading: M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908 (New York, 2001), pp. 64-73; idem, “Turkism and the Young Turks, 1889-1908,” in Hans-Lukas Kieser, Turkey beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities (London, 2006), pp. 3- 19 and 200-4; Masami Arai, Turkish Nationalism in the Young Turk Era (Leiden: Brill, 1992), 48-82.

Kemalism Required Reading: M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), pp. 129-232. Primary Source Reading: Munis Tekin Alp, Kemalizm; Afet İnan, Türk tarihinin ana hatları: Methal kısmı. Further Reading: Sina Akşin, “The Nature of The Kemalist Revolution” Essays in Ottoman-Turkish Political History, (Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2011), pp. 209-218; Şerif Mardin, “the Ottoman Empire” in After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation Building ed Karen Barkey et al., (Colorado: Westview, 1997), pp.115-129ş M.E. Yapp, The Making of the Modern Middle East, 1792-1923 (London: Longman, 1996), pp.301-351; Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East, ed. L. Carl Brown (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), pp. 45-199.

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