Biochemistry II

• Describe how a cell extracts energy and reducing power from its environment to synthesize the macromolecules and determine ATP as the universal currency of Free Energy in biological systems.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• Perceive glycolysis, which is very tightly controlled, as an energy conversion pathway in many organisms and explain how glucose can be synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• Define gluconeogenesis and explain that it is not simply the reverse of glycolysis.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• Understand the citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecules and serves as a source of building blocks for biosyntheses by locating the enzymes involved to the citric acid cycle in eukaryotic cells.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• Describe how oxidative phosphorylation depends on electron transfer and takes place in mitochondria by comprehending the subunit structure and the function of ATP synthase in eukaryotic cells.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive .
• Recognize how the regulation of cellular respiration is controlled by the ATP demand.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive .
• Understand the function of pentose phosphate pathway and the key role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in protection against reactive oxygen species.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive .
• Describe glycogen as the readily mobilized storage form of glucose and understand why it is preferred and where it is stored.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive .
• Explain how glycogen is synthesized and degraded by different, reciprocally regulated pathways and the role of allosteric responses and hormones in this regulation.Midterm, Topics are all inclusive .
• Examine the use of fatty acids as fuel understand how the catabolism of unsaturated and odd-chain fatty acids require additional steps.Topics are all inclusive .
• Describe the elongation cycle of fatty acid synthesis and understand the accessory enzyme systems required for elongation and unsaturation to be able to contrast fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid synthesis eventually.Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• Understand the degradation of proteins to amino acids and how protein turnover is tightly regulated.Topics are all inclusive .
• Trace the carbon atoms of degraded amino acids in major metabolic intermediates.Topics are all inclusive .
• Appreciate the importance of nitrogen fixation and the biosynthesis of amino acids from intermediates of the citric acid cycle and other major pathways.Topics are all inclusive .
• Describe de novo and salvage pathways in nucleotide biosynthesis.Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• Describe the key steps in the biosynthesis of membrane lipids and steroids.Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• State the biological significance of cholesterol.Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation
• Understand how the separately examined pathways are integrated and examine large-scale biochemical interactions that constitute the physiology of the organisms.Topics are all inclusive ., Paper Presentation

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