Turkish Political History I

POLS 229 traces the long arc from the late Ottoman Empire through 1923, treating "reform" less as a checklist of edicts than as a contested process where institutions, ideas, and elites kept reshaping each other under mounting internal and external pressure. You'll work primarily through Hanioğlu plus assorted articles on Moodle, with quizzes, a midterm, and a final that ask you to read sources critically rather than memorize dates. It's the historical foundation for POLS 230 and most upper-level Turkish politics electives — without it, debates about secularism, nationalism, and state capacity in modern Turkey lose their context.